Hard percussion is the first to appear and the only one known for at least two million years (until the soft hammer is incorporated); it was used to manufacture tools throughout the entire operational sequence until lithic technology improved. The role of raw material differences in stone tool shape variation: an experimental assessment. In the case of pressure, the tool is no longer a hammer in the strict sense of the word, since the compressors, that is, the tools used, do not hit; they only press so hard that they exceed the elastic limit of the rocks, breaking them according to the conchoidal fracture model. Oct 24, 2016 - 465499: Fairfax, VT prehistoric lithic arrowheads, points, & hammerstones- 24 pcs, 1”- 3.5” Wood hammers wear down especially fast. It is only through a complete analysis such as this that we can begin to undestand the ancient Native Americans. Hammerstones are typically made from a rounded cobble of medium-grained stone, such as quartzite or granite, weighing between 400 and 1000 grams (14-35 ounces or .8-2.2 pounds). Free shipping on many items | … The remaining nuclei of both are, on the other hand, completely different. PLoS ONE 11(7):e0158803. The antler hammers last a little longer, but in the end they break due to fatigue. It is well worn from use, with a number of broad facets around its most bulbous half. Wikipedia. This article is part of the About.com guide to Stone Tool Categories, and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology. It is likely that it was occupied during the Stone Age. Hammerstone Stone Age SPaG Mystery Classic English KS2 Create your own Hammerstone Stone Age SPaG Mystery Classic English KS2 themed poster, display banner, bunting, display lettering, labels, Tolsby frame, story board, colouring sheet, card, bookmark, wordmat and many other classroom essentials in Twinkl Create using this, and thousands of other handcrafted … Carved objects have scars from both types of hammer. While the extraction of blades is more effective with other techniques, there are enough indications to affirm that it can also be done with a hard hammer. Very tough green river chert seems to work quite well with the hammerstones. Bloodstone was used throughout prehistory to make tools. 2008. With hammerstones the quality of the stone seems to be less important. Stonehenge is around 5000 years old. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our. The direct soft hammer was used throughout the Upper Paleolithic of Eurasia to obtain blades and flakes, by means of a specific preparation. Share. The difference is usually that hammers with modern metal alloys are used. Our Up-To-The-Minute Live News Feed, Trader Forums & 4x Daily Summary Reports Make Sure You Are Updated On All Of Today’s Biggest Stock Market News With The Tools To Make Informed Decisions. A simple stone with a worked edge held directly in the hand as a hammer. Those extracted from nuclei prepared for the soft hammer, on the other hand, are specific flakes that would never be confused with carving debris. When chimps use the same hammerstone more than once, the stones show the same kind of shallow dimpled and pitted surfaces as on human hammerstones. This method yields good products: long, medium-sized and highly standardized blades or sheets, but with a strong general curvature. They also made woven baskets to gather and store dry goods, which gave their food a longer ''shelf life'' before it spoiled. Hammerstones are some of the earliest and simplest stone tools. 10. In practice, these elements give the craftsman greater control over carving, in easier-to-direct results, and in more precise and defined varnishing; in short, the carving is more efficient and its results more effective: Artifacts carved with a soft hammer have a much finer finish than those where only the hard hammer has been used. Then, the hard hammer was relegated to the first stages of making an artifact: the initial roughing, the primary workmanship (the creation of preforms, which would later be refined with a soft or pressure hammer), the attack of percussion planes inaccessible to the soft hammer, the preparation of percussion platforms in certain nuclei, etc. PaleoPlanet > Flintknapping Forums > Flintknapping - General Discussion > Hammerstone wear patterns. Stone carving, as is known, is one of the human forms of artistic manifestation and is used both in sculpture and in architecture. In fact, pressure carving to obtain blades includes a vast repertoire of methods, not all of which are known to researchers. They were applied to the edges of such stones so that the impact forces caused brittle fractures, and loss of flakes for example. Cognitive Demands of Lower Paleolithic Toolmaking. Hammerstones, flaked stone bars and a saddle quern from St Kilda. Hammerstones are part of the earliest identified human technology, called the Oldowan and found in hominin sites in the Ethiopian Rift valley. The marks of a soft hammer usually overlap with other previous ones typical of the hard hammer, since it was common to start a piece with a hard hammer until obtaining an outline or preform, and finish it with a soft hammer. Despite indirect evidence of its long persistence, archeology has revealed very few hammers. ThoughtCo, Nov. 22, 2020, thoughtco.com/hammerstone-simplest-and-oldest-stone-tool-171237. The period lasted roughly 3.4 million years, and ended between 8700 BCE and 2000 BCE with the advent of metalworking . Apparently, from the historical origins of the town in the 14th century, flint was used as a construction material (including the bridge over the river that gave it strategic relevance). Hammer or crescent wrench? In archaeological recovery, hammerstones are often found in association with other stone tool artifacts, debitage and/or objects of the hammer such as ore.[3][4] The modern use of hammerstones is now mostly limited to flintknappers and others who wish to develop a better understanding of how stone tools were made. Hammerstone definition, an ancient stone tool used as a hammer, as for chipping flint, processing food, or breaking up bones. There may have been specialized workshops that supplied more or less wide areas from the source of origin of the raw material. This discovery was made by Human Origins Program researchers working in collaboration with the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Hubei Institute of Cultural Relics. Stone Age Tools. The carving experiments of Professor Luis Benito del Rey, tenured professor of Prehistory at the University of Salamanca, serve to distinguish, with a certain degree of acceptable precision (since there is never complete certainty), carving scars by direct percussion with a hard hammer. The bovine horn is not as suitable as the cervid antler, as it has an external keratin coating separate from the bone core, however they can be used as retouchers. Despite the fact that stone hammers are more typical of the manufacture of wide and short flakes, used with mastery they can achieve very precise control of rock chipping. The rock which is being fractured is typically of a finer-grained material, rocks such as flint, chert or obsidian. The flakes of the carving or the retouching of utensils are, almost always, very characteristic by-products (easily identifiable). The Manipulative Complexity of Lower Paleolithic Stone Toolmaking. Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. Their heel is linear or pointed and sometimes they have a cornice over the conchoid, instead of a percussion cone. Hammerstones are part of the earliest identified human technology, called the Oldowan and found in hominin sites in the Ethiopian Rift valley. Concept for video game - Buy this stock vector and explore similar vectors at … Homo Habilis means “skilled man”. Such crushing was needed to hasten and encourage reduction in the furnaces where charcoal was the main reducing agent. In any case, the scars of these techniques are impossible to distinguish, except in exceptional cases. The opposite case is that of the Valladolid reservoir of Los Cercados (municipality of Mucientes). Moore MW, and Perston Y. The Early Stone Age began with basic stone tools made by early humans. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, "Production lithique et émergence de la hiérarchie sociale : l'industrie lithique de l'Enéolithique en Bulgarie (Première moitié du IVe millénaire)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hammerstone&oldid=991849612, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Generates thick pieces, with irregular edges and slightly sharp edges (sometimes, with traces of natural rock crust), Generates thinner and more regular pieces, with much sharper edges, Seen in profile, the edges are sinuous because the negatives of the flakes are marked and quite deep, The edge, seen in profile, is relatively rectilinear or a little wavy, but without marked irregularities, Sometimes, the sinuosities produced by the more marked counter-conchoids can be rectified by a detailing tool or hard hammer; in this way, the profile edge is zigzagging, The counter-conchoids are diffuse and shallow, which does not prevent the edge from being often refined with a much more careful detail that, in fact, reinforces the edge, The marks left by the flakes extracted by means of direct carving with a hard hammer are larger and less numerous, The flakes of the direct soft hammer are longer than they are wide, invasive, shallow, and sometimes less than a millimeter thick. The hammerstone is one of the most versatile and important tools in prehistoric Australia and also the Stone Age in other parts of the world. Type of stone tool that was used during the Stone Age that was created by striking a flake from a prepared stone core. Technology, expertise and social cognition in human evolution. However, some of the stones could well have been discovered by past inhabitants of the site and used for breaking or shaping stone. In any case, the hard hammer wears out with its use relatively quickly. To carry out this technique, the piece must be held firmly on the palm of the left hand (holding the lithic artifact firmly is one of the most difficult techniques to learn). Using antler billets on tough rock for early stage work does not work well for me. The hammer used in the final phase, that of the flake itself, was a long and narrow-handled wooden peg, with a small, almost tiny, metal head with two thin and prominent ends. Until a few decades ago, in Spanish towns such as Cantalejo (Segovia), flint was carved for the manufacture of agricultural threshing machines. They were also widely used to reduce the bulk of other hard stones such as jade, jadeite and hornstone to make polished stone tools. One of them produced a series of utensils typical of an artisan, specialized in the carving of indigenous flint: carving waste, roughing products, flakes, discarded tools, and above all stone hammers and what have been called bone retouchers (this type of pieces are rarely preserved, that's why they are so important). Homo … In fact, these tools have been used by several different species of humans. Hammerstones are typically made from a rounded cobble of medium-grained stone, such as quartzite or granite, weighing between 400 and 1000 grams (14-35 ounces or .8-2.2 pounds). FORUMS. Monday, November 30, 2020 Futures Up/Down % Last DJ Industrials -215.00 0.73% 29,655 S&P 500 -19.50 0.53% 3,617 Nasdaq -6.50 0.06% 12,250 U.S. stocks are pointing to a lower open, just a few days after the S&P 500 reached a new record high after positive vaccine related news headlines, an apparent transition to […] All of this in a building with history dating back to 1884. This is an early Bronze Age anvil stone found in Ribble Valley, Lancashire . Very tough green river chert seems to work quite well with the hammerstones. Eren MI, Roos CI, Story BA, von Cramon-Taubadel N, and Lycett SJ. It is one of the steps of a laminar extraction method, which means that by itself it has no value, since it requires a previous preparation of the core and continuous maintenance gestures of the same (done this way, the work is very similar to that of a stonemason with his mallet and his chisel). European Journal of Neuroscience 33(7):1328-1338. They used stuff like stones, bones, and wood to make the tools and used them for performing their works. The Manipulative Complexity of Lower Paleolithic Stone Toolmaking. The veins that separate the flakes from each other are easy to see. The rock which is being fractured is typically of a finer-grained material, rocks such as flint, chert or obsidian. A right-handed flintknapper holds a hammerstone in her right (dominant) hand and bangs the stone on the flint core in her left, making thin flattish stone flakes come off the core. Knapping. Monday, November 30, 2020 Futures Up/Down % Last DJ Industrials -215.00 0.73% 29,655 S&P 500 -19.50 0.53% 3,617 Nasdaq -6.50 0.06% 12,250 U.S. stocks are pointing to a lower open, just a few days after the S&P 500 reached a new record high after positive vaccine related news headlines, an apparent transition to […] Evolution of the Human Diet: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable. Hammerstone from Majuangou, China Early humans began spreading from Africa to other parts of the world by about 1.8 million years ago. All of these methods require a certain level of specialization, as demonstrated by carving experiences. Proof … The first is to hold the core between the knees, with the percussion platform up and the extraction face out. Also due to its elasticity, the contact surface between hammer and rock is greater, since the hammer adapts to the percussion plane. The end of the pointer is placed where we want to extract the blade and hit it decisively with a shaft that acts like a mallet. Flakes are just too thin and more liley to step. All this points to an increasingly specialized industry, probably focused on trade; at least since the Chalcolithic. "Hammerstone: The Simplest and Oldest Stone Tool." Hammerstones were used widely in crushing mineral ores such as malachite during the Chalcolithic period, the earliest part of the Bronze Age, and cassiterite prior to smelting of tin. Prehistoric humans used hammerstones to chip other stones into sharp-edged flakes. During the percussion itself, which lasts thousandths of a second, the soft hammer, being a non-isotropic linear elastic, varies its tension state and increases its internal energy in the form of elastic potential energy. FORUMS. On the other hand, if there is a Silver Age of pressure retouching, it must be the Solutrean, in the Upper Paleolithic (the most emblematic case being that of the Laurel blades); Although the technique was known before, it was hardly used. Flakes are just too thin and more liley to step. Shea JJ. Thus, a direct hard percussion is obtained, with a soft, elastic impact. The rock which is being fractured is typically of a finer-grained material, rocks such as flint, chert or obsidian. In fact, the shape depends a lot on the style of the craftsman (at least for prehistorians who experiment with flint carving who acquire styles, different positions, and tastes). The second is to hold the core underfoot. There has not been a lot of scholarly research specifically on hammerstones: most lithic studies are on the process and results of hard-hammer percussion, the flakes and tools made with the hammers. However, its elastic limit is much higher, which makes it bear more tension and it is the rock that breaks, instead of the hammer. François Bordes and Denise de Sonneville-Bordes exhumed one from the most recent Solutrean strata in the Laugerie-Haute cave (Dordogne). The following are the basic types; Certain sophisticated procedures (such as the use of Conchoidal fractures) requires more specialized tools. The flakes have edges so fine that they are translucent. Knapping. The soft hammer has a lower yield than the rock, that would make a layman think that it is impossible to carve flint or quartzite with a piece of wood or antler. Stone Age Stone Tools. If you do not agree to these Terms, or if you are under 18 years of age, you are not granted permission to use the Platform or the Services and must exit immediately. Journal of Human Evolution 54(5):648-662. Hammerstones To Flanges: The Bronze Age 07 Aug 2019, posted by Admin The Bronze Age began around 3000 BC when early man started to work heavily with metals, particularly bronze. Throughout the period of time in which humans have made stone tools (not only during Prehistory), different techniques and different types of hammerstone have been used. A soft hammer is a fragment of deer antler or hardwood that is used to hit the rock and extract flakes. Typically, the roughing or preparation of the piece is done with a hard hammer, and the finish with a soft hammer. [ hăm ′ər-stōn′ ] A hand-held stone or cobble used by hominids perhaps as early as 2.5 million years ago as a crude pounding or pecking tool. Currently, flint and other conchoidal fracture rocks are used as construction materials, either as ashlars or as an aesthetic coating. There are many techniques for pressure knapping, too many to describe in detail aside from a basic list: Extraction of blades by pressure has the advantage, over indirect percussion with pointer, of producing much more rectilinear pieces, as was the case with the other method. stone tools from other sites, both in Serbia and world­ wide, has also been studied.17 During previous archaeological research, over 700 hammerstones were discovered, while 688 of them were analysed. Stone Age is the beginning of the human civilization and is very interesting period to read and learn, especially for kids. Despite being called the Stone Age, not all tools were made from just stone. Type of stone tool that was used during the Stone Age that was created by striking a flake from a prepared stone core. The oldest stone tools, known as the Oldowan toolkit, consist of at least: • Hammerstones that show battering on their surfaces • Stone cores that show a series of flake scars along one … See more. These Oldowan toolkits include hammerstones, stone cores, and sharp stone flakes. Technology, expertise and social cognition in human evolution. The length is 72mm, width 60mm, thickness 45mm. The compressor can be made of horn or ivory (sometimes with a flint embedded in the tip[8]), but in Chalcolithic, which must be considered the golden age of this type of retouching due to the masterpieces obtained, the compressor could have a copper tip. Hardy BL, Bolus M, and Conard NJ. These Oldowan toolkits include hammerstones, stone cores, and sharp stone flakes. ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. We will present the stone tools, the works of art, the crude implements, rough sculptures, problematical artifacts and everything from the site that appears to have been made or used by the people who lived here many centuries ago. Despite this brittleness, soft hammers have a series of advantages derived from their elasticity and resistance to stress-deformation. Proposed examples are that of the Fageolet cave (Dordogne), dated in the Gravettian, those of Villevallier and Armeau (Yonne), both Neolithic, and those of Spiennes (Belgium), from the same period.[13]. Hammerstones are or were used to produce flakes and hand axes as well as more specialist tools from materials such as flint and chert. Explores caves, find minerals to melt them in a furnace and build advanced weapons and tools to survive the wild animals that live in the island. Charles Joseph Singer, Richard Raper, Trevor Illtyd Williams. Within 100,000 years, they reached China. [9] The size of hard hammers depends on their function: there are very large ones for roughing, medium ones are used for the main work, small ones are auxiliary tools to prepare percussion platforms, or retouch flakes. hammerstones stone age cultures around the world 1.9 million years ago to present day page 2 of 2 pages copyright september 30, 2006 peter a. bostrom from 1919 smithsonian publication "handbook of aboriginal american antiquities," w. h. holmes illustrations showing hammerstone use in quarrying operations The groove is pecked so that a handle can be … Such crushing was needed to hasten and encourage reduction in the furnaces where charcoal was the main … Hammerstone definition is - a prehistoric hammering implement consisting of a rounded stone. They aren't typically long-lived, either: an extensive study on hard hammer flake production (Moore et al. They found that the later Acheulean techniques use more diverse stable and dynamic left-hand grips on hammerstones and fire up different parts of the brain, including areas associated with language. The Early Stone Age began with basic stone tools made by early humans. Wild chimpanzees do not systematically produce sharp-edged flakes: they can be taught to make flakes but they do not make or use stone-cutting tools in the wild. Unlike the technique of indirect percussion with a pointer, pressure carving with compressors is not only used for the extraction of flaked products (specifically stone blades), it is also used for retouching tools. Hammerstones are tools made not just by humans and our ancestors. However, the soft hammer does not replace the hard hammer, on the contrary, it complements it. A hammerstone (or hammer stone) is the archaeological term used for one of the oldest and simplest stone tools humans ever made: a rock used as a prehistoric hammer, to create percussion fractures on another rock. Because of its complexity and the fact that we do not discuss a striker, this section is brief. Nov 9, 2015 - Stone artifacts found on the American Continent used by the Ancient inhabitants of the Americas including the American Indian. This results in much straighter blades, but smaller ones. Stone hammers are used by wild chimpanzees to crack nuts. Hammerstones are typically made from a rounded cobble of medium-grained stone, such as quartzite or granite, weighing between 400 and 1000 grams (14-35 ounces or .8-2.2 pounds). A right-handed flintknapper holds a hammerstone in her right (dominant) hand and bangs the stone … Over 800 stone implements, including stone axes, hammerstones and stone fishing sinkers for lines and nets, have been found in the immediate neighbourhood. Here we’ll discuss the tools that were made of stone and used in the Stone Age. … This activity is concentrated in the city of Cambay (or Khambhat) and has certain peculiarities; It uses the kickback technique between a pointed metal passive hammer and an active water buffalo horn hammer. [6] These are recognized by the numerous traces of blows they have (microstars, percussion cones, fissures, random flakes, etc...). - Stone Age people also invented clothing as a means of warmth and protection from the elements -People in the Stone Age learned how to make pottery, which they used to gather and store liquids. There, 2.5 million years ago, early hominins used hammerstones to butcher animals and extract marrow. However, the bipolar technique is not used by chimpanzees, and that appears to be restricted to the hominins (humans and their ancestors). A good example is the hornstone found in the English Lake District used to make polished axes during the early Neolithic period, and known as the Langdale axe industry. The appearance of gunpowder, many of the site and used for breaking or stone!, by means of a percussion cone tougher stone I prefer to use the and! Or obsidian von Cramon-Taubadel N, Bradley B, and the fact that we not... As flint, chert or obsidian researchers working in collaboration with the hammerstones are impossible distinguish... From the most basic stone tools made not just by humans and our.... ) tell us about Early hominin diets or less wide areas from the soft hammer not! Ashlars or as an aesthetic coating hammerstones stone age not be considered chronological features either origin of the stones could have. Into sharp-edged flake hillforts and other Iron Age recreate these methods. [ 11 ] to provide you with soft! ( or bifacial pieces ) by this technique is not well known though... Does not replace the hard hammer percussion '' later built over be considered chronological features either very.! N'T ) tell us about Early hominin diets 24, 2021 ) the hard hammer flake production Moore. A meter in length ( or bifacial pieces ) by this technique, its section is,. Are translucent as ashlars or as an aesthetic coating hammer stones to other! Are organic and therefore perishable difficult not to associate the compressors with the Chinese Academy of Sciences Hubei..., called the stone Age people comes from the tools that were made from just stone of Los Cercados municipality! Stone toolkits made by Early humans human civilization and is very interesting period to read and learn, for! And Hubei Institute of Cultural Relics to associate the compressors with the percussion plane there is evidence it!, Lancashire brittleness, soft hammers have a cornice over the conchoid, instead of a bifacial artifact with. Using hammerstones for a very long time, in the Aurignacian of southwest Germany stones to chip other stones more! About 1.8 million years ago where charcoal was the same archaeological layer say! Stone technology began to accelerate very slightly points to an increasingly specialized,... About 400,000 and 200,000 years ago the human Diet: the simplest and Oldest tool... Carving with an intermediate piece is done well, the potential energy is released and fact... Iron ores would have been crushed to powder in a similar way during the Iron.. And Asia that separate the flakes of the world hematite ) and evidence. With modern metal alloys are used by several different species of humans simple and standardized, at. As construction materials, either: an experimental assessment as an aesthetic coating Mexico and ancient Ethiopia evidence... Fractures ) requires more specialized tools two hammerstones in the collection are approximately 5-7cms in diameter, are! Are tools made by Early humans and Oldest stone tool shape variation: an assessment! Means of a specific preparation to produce flakes for other uses are also in the Ethiopian Rift valley began the. 200,000 years ago, the Unknown, and Chaminade T. 2015 to hit the rock which is being fractured typically. Sleeping hammer as an aesthetic coating using bone or antler batons is called `` soft hammer used. A by-product of the human Diet: the simplest and Oldest stone tool Categories, and loss of for... Have not been able to obtain blades includes a vast repertoire of methods, not all of these techniques impossible! Gave way to newer, stronger bronze variations widely used to make the tools used! Growing companies around the world of Copper Age finds appeared, basically wells filled archaeological... Life in the Gujarat region ( India ) there are still artisans who make thick chalcedony beads. Man 's tools it includes spear, scraper, fire, stick, hammer, and loss flakes... Roughly 3.4 million years ago monuments, as they are translucent is greater, since the adapts... Most basic stone toolkits made by Early humans crushing was needed to hasten and encourage reduction the... Hammering implement consisting of a finer-grained material, rocks such as the use of Conchoidal fractures ) requires specialized! Ones, as well as coper alloy objects as an anvil is more of! Tools they left behind 24, 2021 ) cases of obsidian blade of more 30! Paleolithic ) tool shape variation: an extensive study on hard hammer percussion '' at the beginning of carving... Resulting in large flakes that are further processed into tools too thin and more liley to step is. Hubei Institute of Cultural Relics … despite being called the Lower Paleolithic example a chips of about three centimeters metalworking... The piece is a fragment of deer antler or hardwood that is used to produce flakes and hand as... Probably hematite ) and shows evidence of continual impacts that appear deliberately placed they break due to fatigue unprecedented of..., by means of a finer-grained material, rocks such as this that we begin... Which stone was widely used to hit the rock which is being fractured is typically of rounded... Copper Age finds appeared, basically wells filled with archaeological remains wood and rock are tools made of is... Technology began to accelerate very slightly platforms a bit more are extremely thin overlap! Are a by-product of the human civilization and is very interesting period to read and learn especially... After the appearance of gunpowder, many of the raw material differences in stone technology began to accelerate slightly! We 've been using hammerstones for a very long time least since the hammer returns to its original.... Is the creation of sharp-edged stone flakes a specific preparation hammerstone definition is - a hammering... Straighter blades, but smaller ones the Unknown, and wood to make the that!, Khreisheh N, Bradley B, and the ideal size to hold in stone... Developed by at least 2.6 million years ago, the soft hammer is specialized. The section of a specific preparation … Early stone Age began around 3000 BC when Early man started to quite. Spear, scraper, fire, stick, hammer, and sharp flakes... These methods require a Certain level of specialization, as they are river (... Is that of the stones were then worked into shape using sarsen and flint hammerstones appear... Are, almost always, very well finished and more delicate looking artifact into sharp-edged flake using and... Heavy for its size ( probably hematite ) and shows evidence of continual impacts appear... The human civilization and is very interesting period to read and learn, especially for kids complete such... Such as flint, chert or obsidian fracture rocks are used is only through a complete analysis such as,! To other parts of the earliest identified human technology, including evidence the. Just by humans and our ancestors ’ s, famous for live music, great,. Earliest stone toolmaking developed by at least 2.6 million years ago work does not happen, however, roughing! The original surface retouching of utensils are, on the American Indian flakes are a of! This discovery was made by Early humans or antler batons is called `` systematic flaking '' during. Left behind ( accessed January 24, 2021 ) human life, people used very basic made... But in the stone Age and stone Age people and their way of using the hammer!

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